Journal of Law, Society and Living Norms
Journal of Law, Society and Living Norms (E-ISSN : 3123-2566) is a distinguished international, peer-reviewed academic publication dedicated to advancing the frontiers of legal scholarship through the dissemination of cutting-edge research in law, legal studies, and interdisciplinary legal research. Established as a premier platform for scholarly excellence, the journal is committed to fostering intellectual discourse among legal scholars, practitioners, and policymakers worldwide while contributing to the global advancement of legal knowledge and jurisprudential understanding. The journal upholds the highest standards of academic integrity, methodological rigor, and research excellence, positioning itself as a trusted source for innovative legal scholarship that bridges theoretical inquiry with practical applications in contemporary legal practice.
Regulatory Sandbox as a Hybrid Legal Policy Instrument: Recalibrating Legal Certainty and Financial Sector Growth in Indonesia
The expansion of financial technology in Indonesia has required regulatory adaptation capable of reconciling innovation with legal certainty and prudential supervision. The regulatory sandbox introduced under OJK Regulation Number 3 of 2024 operates as a structured and time-bound experimentation mechanism embedded within statutory authority under Law Number 21 of 2011 and Law Number 4 of 2023. This article examined the sandbox as a hybrid legal policy instrument and evaluated its implications for legal certainty and financial sector development. Employing a normative juridical approach supported by statutory and conceptual analysis, the study assessed the procedural architecture of the sandbox and incorporated descriptive sectoral data relating to Financial Sector Technology Innovation providers and asset growth. The findings indicated that the sandbox recalibrated legal certainty through codified eligibility standards, sequenced supervisory stages, and defined exit determinations. Empirical developments demonstrated that sandbox institutionalization coincided with increased institutional integration and measurable sectoral expansion, although no direct causal inference was asserted. Governance risks, including supervisory discretion and digital asset volatility, underscored the necessity of transparent administration and sustained consumer protection safeguards. The Indonesian regulatory sandbox therefore reflected a hybrid governance model integrating adaptive flexibility with formal oversight within rule-of-law parameters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sandhi B Permana, Yosua Hia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Policy on the Law Enforcement of Personal Data Protection in Indonesia
The constitutional guarantee of privacy under Article 28G of the 1945 Constitution obliges the Indonesian state to construct an effective legal and institutional framework for personal data protection, particularly amid the rapid expansion of electronic commerce and digital economic activity. Prior to the enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, Indonesia’s regulatory regime was characterized by fragmented sectoral provisions that weakened supervisory coordination and limited enforcement consistency. Employing normative legal research through statute and conceptual approaches, this study examines the legal policy underlying the formation and enforcement architecture of personal data protection law. The analysis demonstrates that although Law Number 27 of 2022 consolidates substantive obligations for Personal Data Controllers and aligns Indonesia with internationally recognized data protection principles, structural challenges remain within its institutional design, especially concerning supervisory independence and enforcement capacity. Comparative evaluation with Singapore and Malaysia indicates that effective data protection depends not merely on statutory harmonization but on institutional autonomy and operational clarity. The study concludes that the realization of constitutional privacy rights in Indonesia ultimately requires sustained political commitment to institutional consolidation and consistent enforcement within the evolving digital governance landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yoshua Yudha Octavianus, Ervin Kurniawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Protection for PLN in The Disclosure of Customer Data to Law Enforcement Agencies
The interaction between personal data protection and criminal law enforcement created a normative tension within the Indonesian legal system. The enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection strengthened constitutional guarantees of privacy, while criminal procedural regulations continued to prioritize public interest and effective investigation. PT PLN (Persero), as a state-owned enterprise managing extensive customer data, occupied a legally sensitive position when responding to requests from law enforcement agencies. This research employed a normative juridical approach to examine statutory provisions governing data disclosure and institutional responsibility. The findings indicated that personal data protection was not absolute and could be limited for legitimate investigative purposes based on statutory authority. However, the absence of detailed implementing regulations created interpretative ambiguity and potential institutional vulnerability. Legal certainty could be strengthened through formal written authorization, proportional disclosure standards, and clearer regulatory safeguards ensuring accountability in the disclosure process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riganu Tirta Prastawa, Dewi Kartika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Criminal Liability for The Perpetrators of TikTok Account Forgery in Indonesia
The rapid expansion of digital connectivity in Indonesia has increased exposure to identity-based cybercrime, including the creation of fake TikTok accounts. With internet penetration reaching over 78 percent of the population and more than 139 million active social media users, digital platforms have become central to economic and social interaction (APJII, 2023; We Are Social & Meltwater, 2024). This study analyzes the legal qualification of TikTok account forgery within Indonesian criminal law and examines whether such conduct fulfills the elements of criminal liability under Article 35 of the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law). Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the research applies grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation to assess the structure of the offense. The findings demonstrate that TikTok accounts qualify as Electronic Documents under Article 1 of the ITE Law and that the deliberate creation of fake accounts intended to appear authentic satisfies the objective and subjective elements of Article 35. Criminal sanctions may therefore be imposed under Article 51 paragraph (1), which provides penalties of up to twelve years’ imprisonment and substantial fines. The study further identifies enforcement challenges related to digital attribution and evidentiary standards, while affirming the normative sufficiency of the ITE Law in addressing digital identity manipulation. The research contributes to strengthening doctrinal clarity and proportional application of criminal sanctions within Indonesia’s evolving digital legal landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sonya Pasaribu, Leo Lo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strengthening Justice Collaborator Protection Through LPSK-Managed Special Detention Facilities in Indonesia
The feasibility of establishing special detention facilities for Justice Collaborators under the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) was examined to address persistent failures in ensuring consistent physical and procedural security within existing detention centres. Separation of detention has long been recognized as a core component of protection, yet current institutional arrangements have left Justice Collaborators vulnerable to threats and operational inconsistencies. Using a doctrinal and conceptual legal approach supported by case-based assessment, the research identified clear normative gaps, institutional fragmentation, and practical constraints that undermine effective protection. The findings showed that LPSK holds structural advantages such as institutional independence, control over protection standards, and continuity of monitoring, while simultaneously lacking an explicit legal mandate and detailed operational framework to manage detention facilities. Results indicated that LPSK-managed detention centres are normatively justified but require a firm regulatory basis, standardized procedures, and coordinated mechanisms with law-enforcement agencies. The analysis concluded with recommendations for designing a legally grounded and operationally feasible model for such facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lia Gunawan, Dinalara Dermawati Butar Butar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reconstructing Restorative Justice-Based Law Enforcement to Strengthen Substantive Justice and Sustainable Peace in Indonesia
The retributive model that dominates Indonesia’s criminal justice system has struggled to address prison overcrowding, low victim satisfaction, and weak offender accountability. These structural problems indicate a gap between formal legal certainty and the substantive justice expected by society. This study examines how restorative justice can be normatively reconstructed to strengthen both substantive justice and sustainable peace. Using a normative juridical method supported by conceptual, statutory, and comparative approaches, the analysis demonstrates that current regulations, such as the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law and Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021, remain fragmented and insufficient to guide consistent implementation. The findings show that restorative justice provides a more relational, victim-centered, and accountability-based framework, but its effectiveness depends on legal coherence, institutional capacity, and safeguards against misuse. Comparative insights from New Zealand and Canada confirm that structured restorative models can reduce recidivism and improve legitimacy when adapted to local contexts. This study concludes that reconstructing restorative justice within Indonesia’s criminal justice policy is essential to align law enforcement with substantive justice and long-term social harmony.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Nizar Siradjuddin, Amri Panahatan Sitohang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rechterlijk Pardon and the Enforcement of Tax Crimes: A Normative Framework to Strengthen State Financial Recovery
Rechterlijk pardon was introduced by Law No. 1 of 2023 as a new sentencing mechanism that allows judges to declare a defendant guilty without imposing punishment when substantive justice favors leniency. Although this mechanism applies generally to criminal cases, its relevance for tax crime enforcement has not been examined, particularly in relation to the restorative orientation of the Law on General Provisions and Procedures for Taxation (UU KUP). This study employed normative legal research to evaluate the doctrinal foundation, practical implications, and policy relevance of applying rechterlijk pardon in tax crime cases where the recovery of state financial losses is the primary objective. The findings indicated that existing administrative pathways in Article 8 paragraph (3) and Article 44B UU KUP facilitate fiscal recovery but do not address situations in which criminal liability is proven yet imprisonment is disproportionate. Rechterlijk pardon has the potential to harmonize restorative justice principles with efficient tax enforcement, although its application requires clear safeguards to prevent moral hazard and maintain deterrent effect. This article constructed a conceptual framework outlining conditions under which judicial pardon may be appropriate in tax crime cases and argued that regulatory alignment between UU KUP and the new KUHP is essential for ensuring legal certainty and accountability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leo Satria Eka Putera, Ino Susanti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ensuring Legal Protection for Civil Servants in Government Procurement: Reducing Criminalization Risks Through Strengthened Administrative Oversight and Accountability Frameworks
This study examined the legal protection afforded to civil servants involved in Government Goods and Services Procurement and assessed how regulatory and institutional safeguards could reduce the growing trend of administrative errors being treated as criminal offenses. Using a normative juridical approach supported by statutory interpretation, doctrinal analysis, and interviews with procurement practitioners, the Research Identified a Persistent Mismatch Between The Legal Framework and Its Implementation. Although procurement regulations formally placed early-stage oversight under the Government Internal Supervisory Apparatus (APIP), law-enforcement bodies frequently intervened before administrative review was completed, resulting in summonses and investigations that created a deterrent effect among procurement officials. The findings showed that clearer distinctions between administrative, civil, and criminal liability, combined with reinforced APIP authority and accessible alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms, would enhance legal certainty for civil servants and stabilize procurement performance. This study provided theoretical refinement to the concept of accountability in procurement law and offered practical recommendations for strengthening institutional safeguards to prevent unwarranted criminalization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fera Julia Rahman, AA Sagung Laksmi Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Risks of Article 47 of Law No. 3/2025 on the Assignment of Active-Duty TNI Personnel to Civilian Office
The amendment of Law No. 34/2004 through Law No. 3/2025 raises significant legal risks regarding the separation between military and civilian authority in Indonesia. The revised Article 47 expands the scope for assigning active-duty military personnel to fourteen ministries and agencies and permits broader transfers upon resignation or retirement. This study examines the legal risks and institutional implications of these provisions using a normative legal research method grounded in statutory analysis and official documents. The findings indicate a growing discrepancy between formal legal requirements and practical implementation, illustrated by the appointment of an active-duty officer as President Director of a state-owned enterprise outside the statutory list. This revolving-door pattern weakens legal certainty, expands potential conflicts of interest, and blurs civil–military boundaries established after the 1998 Reform. The study concludes that without strict enforcement of legal safeguards, the amendment risks undermining civilian supremacy, diluting accountability mechanisms, and enabling the resurgence of dual-function practices. Strengthening institutional oversight is essential to maintain democratic governance and uphold the principle of civilian control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Febriyan Victorinus Lolobua, Lisma Lumetut (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reconstructing the Application of Denda Damai (Settlement-by-Fine Mechanism) in Corruption Cases: A Socio-Legal and Cultural Perspective in Indonesia
The growing discourse on the application of denda damai (settlement-by-fine mechanism) as an alternative approach to corruption cases reflected a shifting orientation in Indonesian law enforcement from retributive punishment toward administrative efficiency and restorative considerations. This study employed a normative legal method supported by a socio-legal perspective to evaluate whether this mechanism could be normatively justified and socially accepted when applied to corruption, which is legally classified as an extraordinary crime. The analysis showed that, although the settlement-by-fine mechanism offered potential administrative efficiency and faster recovery of state losses, it conflicted with the Anti-Corruption Law, which explicitly stated that restitution did not eliminate criminal liability. The findings also demonstrated strong public resistance rooted in cultural expectations of punitive justice toward corruption offenders. This study concluded that any policy reform in this area required normative consistency, procedural safeguards, and cultural legitimacy to align restorative aspirations with Indonesia’s prevailing legal and social values.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adi Setya Desta Landya, Aida Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Utilization in The Formation of Authentic Deeds Under Indonesian Notarial Law
Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) had introduced new forms of automation into legal services, including notarial practice. This research examined the extent to which AI could be utilized in the formation of authentic deeds without violating the formal requirements stipulated under Indonesian law. Using a normative legal research methodology supported by a statute and conceptual approach, this study analyzed the Civil Code, the Notary Office Law, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, alongside recent scholarly literature. The findings showed that AI had no legal standing as a public official, could not verify the legal capacity or free will of the parties, and could not fulfill mandatory procedural requirements such as physical presence, reading of the deed, and witnessing. AI was therefore limited to administrative and analytical support, including drafting templates, conducting legal research, and managing electronic documents. The study concluded that the use of AI in creating authentic deeds remained legally impermissible, as the validity of such deeds depended on human supervision and direct involvement of a notary as mandated by statutory provisions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widya Wahyu Utami, Ratih Agustin Wulandari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethical Principles and Legal Responsibility in Artificial Intelligence: Ensuring Fairness and Accountability in AI Governance
Artificial intelligence (AI) presents significant ethical and legal challenges, particularly regarding algorithmic bias, opaque decision-making, and the absence of clear liability mechanisms. This study examines how key ethical principles such as transparency, fairness, privacy protection, and accountability can be integrated into a legal responsibility framework to support fair and accountable AI governance. The research uses a normative juridical method with conceptual, statutory, and case approaches to assess the limitations of traditional liability models when applied to autonomous systems. The findings indicate that algorithmic bias can lead to both material and procedural injustice, while gaps in regulation create uncertainty about who should bear responsibility for AI-related harm. This study recommends the application of fairness by design, mandatory model documentation, algorithmic audits, and shared responsibility among developers, operators, and users. These findings highlight the need for adaptive regulation to ensure that the use of AI upholds justice, protects individual rights, and serves the public interest.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhidin, Lu Sudirman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Protection for Public Accountants in Safeguarding Independence and Objectivity in Financial Statement Audits
Public accountants occupy a strategic position in safeguarding the integrity of financial statements, which constitute a critical foundation for economic decision-making by diverse stakeholders. In fulfilling their professional responsibilities, public accountants are expected to consistently uphold the principles of independence and objectivity. However, client pressure, conflicts of interest, and external interference frequently pose significant threats to auditor professionalism and ethical integrity. Accordingly, robust legal protections are essential to ensure that public accountants can perform their duties independently and objectively, free from coercion or undue influence that may compromise ethical standards. This paper seeks to examine the existing legal frameworks that provide protection for public accountants in Indonesia, encompassing statutory regulations, professional codes of ethics, and relevant jurisprudence. Employing a normative juridical research approach, the study emphasizes the critical role of regulatory strengthening and legal enforcement in promoting accountability and integrity within the public accounting profession. The findings indicate that, despite the presence of a legal framework governing the profession, gaps remain in its implementation and in providing substantive protection for auditor independence. In response, this paper offers strategic recommendations aimed at reinforcing legal safeguards and ethical standards within the practice of financial auditing.
Copyright (c) 2025 M saleh, Suparnyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Indonesian Legal Paradigm: Between Pancasila Ideology and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology
This article explores the intersection of Indonesia's fundamental philosophy, Pancasila, with the ethical and legal challenges posed by the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. The development of AI is increasingly impacting various sectors of life, its integration raising critical concerns about regulations, human rights, social justice, and national values and identities. This study examines how Pancasila's values of divinity, humanity, national unity, democracy, and social justice can serve as normative guidelines in shaping an AI governance framework in Indonesia. By analysing the current legal infrastructure and identifying ethical gaps in AI applications, this paper proposes a contextual legal paradigm that aligns technological innovation with the moral and cultural principles enshrined in Pancasila. These findings suggest that a Pancasila-based legal approach can provide an ethical foundation in line with the goals of a nation grounded in national culture for the responsible development of AI in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Saifuddin, Theresia Emilia B. Da Cunha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Legal Profession
The world is currently in the era of artificial intelligence, which is impacting various aspects of life, from technology and economics to health, education, and society as a whole. The power of AI is not only affecting all aspects of society but also the legal field. AI has significant legal implications for global society, and the Indonesian legal system currently lacks clear regulations on artificial intelligence, particularly in the context of its use by the legal profession in Indonesia. This can pose a risk of errors or bias in analysis, which could significantly impact the legal profession. Therefore, to anticipate the various potential threats arising from the lack of regulations regarding artificial intelligence, strict regulations are needed regarding the use of artificial intelligence related to the legal profession to ensure legal certainty. These regulations are intended to ensure that the use of AI in the legal profession is carried out responsibly and ethically based on the principles of justice, benefit, and legal certainty.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meni Apriani, Joemarthine Chandra, Nabila Aliya Rahmah Vansya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Building A Legal And Ethical Framework For Responsible Artificial Intelligence
This paper analyzes the urgency of developing a comprehensive legal and ethical framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indonesia. Alongside the rapid adoption of AI in which is projected to contribute significantly to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP), there also emerge fundamental risks such as algorithmic bias, disinformation, privacy violations, and misuse for criminal purposes. The analysis reveals a significant gap between the pace of technological innovation and the maturity of national regulations. Existing instruments, such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) and the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law), have proven inadequate in addressing the specific challenges posed by AI. Meanwhile, existing ethical guidelines, such as Circular Letter (SE) of the Minister of Communication and Information Technology (Menkominfo) Number 9 of 2023, remain soft regulations without legally binding force. By conducting a comparative analysis of international frameworks, particularly the EU AI Act, this paper recommends adopting a risk-based approach as the foundation for AI policy in Indonesia. The main conclusion emphasizes the need to transition from reactive and fragmented regulation to a legal framework that is anticipatory, coherent, and binding (hard law), supported by the establishment of an independent oversight body and strong multi-stakeholder governance to ensure responsible AI utilization aligned with national values
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Soffa Marwa, Agustin Leni Magdalen Rohi Riwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal and Ethical Dimensions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Utilization within Indonesia's Pluralistic Society
Social interaction within society required norms and values that regulated relationships between individuals. One essential value supporting social order was moral responsibility. With rapid technological advancement, particularly artificial intelligence emergence, there was an urgent need for a balanced legal and ethical framework. This was especially important in Indonesia's diverse society, guided by Pancasila's foundational values. Digital technology development had significantly impacted law, social relations, economics, education, culture, and public administration. This study employed a qualitative approach through sociological empirical research, relying on social reality observation using logic and real-life experience rather than theoretical speculation. The findings indicated that artificial intelligence use in Indonesia had become increasingly widespread. However, this growth lacked a clear and comprehensive legal framework, contrasting with other countries that had begun formulating policies grounded in ethics and social justice for artificial intelligence governance. Given this situation, all stakeholders, including government, academia, and civil society needed to participate in formulating adaptive and flexible regulations rooted in legal principles, ethical considerations, and human rights. This approach ensured artificial intelligence application in Indonesia served as a tool for equitable, inclusive, and human-centered development, rather than becoming a source of legal uncertainty and social inequality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amrizal Siagian, Suryanto Siyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Law and Ethics in The Use of Information Technology: A Study on Privacy and Data Security
This paper critically analyzes Indonesia's legal and ethical framework for privacy and data security amid rapid digital transformation, using a juridical-normative approach and case studies to evaluate the effectiveness of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) in addressing contemporary challenges. The research addresses a significant paradox where Indonesia's accelerating digital economic growth and high internet penetration contrast sharply with escalating cyber threats reported by the National Cyber and Encryption Agency (BSSN) and increasing large-scale data breach incidents causing public concern. The central research question examines: To what extent is the PDP Law effective in protecting citizens' privacy and data security in Indonesia's digital transformation era, and what are the key legal, technical, and ethical challenges that hinder its optimal implementation? The analysis examines key PDP Law provisions, comparing them with the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a global benchmark, while presenting case studies of major data breaches at Tokopedia (2020), BPJS Kesehatan (2021), and the General Elections Commission (2023) to illustrate gaps between regulatory frameworks and practical implementation. The discussion extends to complex ethical dilemmas including state digital surveillance and AI-driven personal data analysis threatening citizens' privacy rights. Findings reveal that while the PDP Law establishes a strong legal foundation and represents a significant milestone, its effectiveness remains limited by weak enforcement, institutional cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and unresolved ethical issues, leading to strategic recommendations for government, organizations, and the public to collectively build a comprehensive, adaptive, and sustainable national data protection ecosystem for future digital challenges.
Law; Ethics; Information Technology; Privacy; Artificial Intelligence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Abdurrohman Sholih, Rika Santina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Regulatory Compliance of Indonesian Smart Contracts
This research aims to examine the regulatory compliance aspects of smart contracts within the Indonesian legal system using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The review focuses on how smart contracts are recognized and regulated within Indonesia’s legal framework, the challenges related to consumer protection, their compatibility with traditional contract principles, and comparisons with international regulatory standards. From a total of 158 relevant studies, 50 articles were selected based on multi-layered search strategies, citation chaining, and relevance scoring. The findings reveal that while Indonesia has established a normative legal basis for recognizing electronic contracts, significant gaps persist in enforcement, legal clarity, and consumer protection. The implications of this review highlight the need for regulatory reform, the standardization of legal frameworks, and the integration of interdisciplinary approaches to secure the application of smart contracts within Indonesia’s growing digital economy.
Smart Contracts; Smart Contracts, Regulatory Compliance, Indonesian Legal System, Consumer Protection, Systematic Literature Review
Copyright (c) 2025 Irsyad Noeri, Salsa Nur Ramadhani Hermandasari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of the Ethics and Legal Principles of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Student Learning in the Digital Era
This article discusses the ethical and legal implications of the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by students in the learning process in the digital era. The rapid development of AI technology, such as ChatGPT, Grammarly, and similar platforms, has changed the educational paradigm by providing ease of access to information and completion of assignments. However, this phenomenon also poses serious challenges, including potential violations of academic integrity, misuse of technology, risks to personal data protection, and the digital access gap. This study uses a normative juridical method with a conceptual and legislative approach to analyze the legal and ethical basis for the use of AI in educational settings. The results of the study indicate that the lack of regulations specifically governing the use of AI by students can create a normative vacuum and legal vulnerabilities. Therefore, the integration of digital ethics literacy into the curriculum, the development of data protection policies in educational institutions, and multi-stakeholder collaboration are needed to ensure that the use of AI aligns with the principles of legality, justice, child protection, benefit, and accountability in the national education system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaka Tiwana Alfianda, Mustika Mega Wijaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Protection of Patients in Clinical Teleconsultation Service Practice in Indonesia
The development of digital technology is growing rapidly, as well as in the world of health. At first, Telemedicine was limited to only among Health Service Facilities as a solution to the challenge of the limited number of specialist/subspecialist doctors at Remote Hospitals in the country. However, after the COVID-19 Pandemic struck, the development of Telemedicine grew rapidly. This needs serious attention, especially in the aspect of legal protection. If the status of the COVID-19 Pandemic is revoked, how will the Legal Arrangements for Clinical Teleconsultation services be? How is Patient Legal Protection in the Practice of Clinical Teleconsultation Services? Methods This research uses a normative juridical method with an inductive conclusion approach. The result is that the existing legal regulation of Clinical Teleconsultation is only limited to the pandemic period and has many things that need to be addressed in its implementation and supervision, especially in terms of protection of patient rights in compliance with the rules and legislation that apply. The government needs to start drafting detailed regulations right away to ensure that patients using clinical teleconsultation services are protected by the law. Especially related to licensing and supervision.
Clinical Teleconsultation; Patient’s Legal Protection; Indonesia; Pandemic; Health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erni Herdiani, M. Altef Dasril (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of AI In Legal Case Analysis and Court Outcome Prediction: Opportunities, Challenges and Ethical Implications
This study investigates Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in legal case analysis and court outcome prediction within Indonesia's judicial system. Using qualitative descriptive analysis through comprehensive literature review of journal articles, books, and legal documents, this research examines opportunities, challenges, and ethical implications of AI implementation in legal practice. Findings reveal AI's significant potential for enhancing judicial efficiency through task automation, improving accuracy via pattern recognition and data analysis, and increasing accessibility through digital legal services. However, critical challenges include algorithmic bias perpetuating systemic inequalities, transparency deficits in decision-making processes, accountability gaps in AI recommendations, and data protection concerns under Indonesia's Personal Data Protection Law. Ethical implications encompass fairness issues in justice delivery, potential reduction of human oversight, privacy risks from data collection, and social impacts on legal profession dynamics. This research provides original insights through comprehensive analysis tailored to Indonesian legal framework, integrating Justice Theory, Computational Ethics, Legal Subject Theory, and Regulatory Theory. The study concludes that responsible AI integration requires developing regulatory frameworks, enhancing transparency mechanisms, addressing algorithmic bias, protecting personal data, maintaining human oversight, and promoting stakeholder collaboration to ensure ethical AI deployment in Indonesia's judicial system.
Artificial Intelligence (AI); Legal Case Analysis; Court Outcome Prediction; Legal Ethics; Algorithm Bias; Transparency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Didy Hermawan, Burham Pranawa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0